Addiction is a complicated disease. Not only does it involve a chemical dependence on drugs or alcohol, but this dependence is usually intertwined with psychological issues. Together, these factors can lead to a variety of other problems that impact several areas of a person’s life. Because of its destructive nature, many people wonder about what causes addiction in the first place. One critical factor is the relationship between genetics and addiction, which plays a significant role in whether someone develops a substance use disorder.
Is Addiction Genetic?
While not exclusively caused by a person’s addiction, genetics do play a large role in whether or not someone will develop a substance use disorder. Research suggests that overall the genetic influence on addiction may account for almost half of a person’s risk of developing a substance use disorder.
The likelihood of inheriting an addiction may also vary depending on the specific type of addiction disorder. One study found that a cocaine addiction is more likely to be inherited than an addiction to hallucinogens. Because of this strong connection between genetics and addiction, someone with a parent or close relative who has undergone residential treatment is more likely to develop a substance use disorder than someone without any relatives with a history of addiction.
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Epigenetics & Addiction
Drug addiction and genetics may also be connected because of environmental factors. Environmental influence can impact a person’s genes. The term epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression without changing the structure of the DNA itself. These changes may turn genes on or off and also impact protein production. A common example of epigenetics at play is the addition of a small group of molecules known as a methyl group to the DNA that consequently turns the particular gene off. These epigenetic changes may also be inherited by the next generation.
In terms of addiction, epigenetics may also play a role. Exposure and use of certain drugs may lead to epigenetic changes that can make someone more prone to addiction. For example, cocaine use may change protein production in a way that makes the person more likely to seek out more cocaine. Over time, these epigenetic changes can reinforce addiction.
Genetics vs. Heredity: What’s the Difference?
Genetics and heredity, though used interchangeably, refer to two different concepts. Genetics is the study of genes and how they function, while heredity involves the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. For example, a gene linked to addiction, such as one that affects dopamine regulation, would be a genetic trait. Heredity, on the other hand, refers to how likely this trait will be passed down to children. It’s important to recognize that traits such as addiction risk are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, meaning that heredity alone does not dictate whether someone will struggle with addiction.
Specific Genetic Markers Linked to Addiction
ADH1B and ALDH2 are genes involved in the metabolism of alcohol. Variations in these genes can affect how quickly alcohol is processed in the body, influencing how someone experiences alcohol consumption. Studies have shown that individuals with certain variations are less likely to develop alcohol dependence because the breakdown process can lead to uncomfortable effects like nausea or headaches.
The GABRA2 gene has been linked to an increased risk of alcohol and drug dependence. GABRA2 influences the brain’s response to the neurotransmitter GABA, which plays a critical role in calming the brain’s activity. Variations in this gene can increase vulnerability to substance abuse by affecting how the brain manages stress and anxiety.
Other Causes of Addiction
While genetics and addiction have a strong relationship, having a parent who is an addict doesn’t automatically mean that you will end up in a drug rehab center. Likewise, just because addiction does not run in your family doesn’t mean that you are safe from this disease either. There are several factors at play when it comes to the onset of substance use disorders.
Outside of a genetic predisposition to addiction, some other contributing factors to the development of a substance use disorder may include:
- a mental health disorder
- environment & lifestyle
- childhood experiences
- exposure to trauma or adversity
- easy access to drugs and alcohol
- injury, chronic pain, or other serious health problems
- high-stress life
- career path
- grief
Environmental and Social Factors Influencing Addiction
Along with genetics, environmental and social factors play a major role in addiction development:
- Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) include exposure to violence, neglect, abuse, or household dysfunction. Individuals who endure significant trauma during their formative years are more likely to develop addiction later in life.
- Living in a high-stress environment or impoverished can increase the likelihood of substance use as a coping mechanism.
- Peer pressure during adolescence and young adulthood. Individuals may feel pressured to experiment with drugs or alcohol in social settings to fit in or gain acceptance. Additionally, repeated exposure to substance use among friends or peers can normalize these behaviors, making it more likely for someone to engage in risky behaviors themselves.
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Practical Advice for Those with a Genetic Predisposition
For individuals with a family history of addiction, taking preventive steps can help reduce their risk of developing a substance use disorder. Here are a few strategies to consider:
- Healthy coping strategies: Engage in activities like exercise, meditation, or journaling to manage stress without resorting to substance use.
- Avoid high-risk environments: Stay away from settings where drugs or alcohol are readily available, especially if you know you’re more vulnerable.
- Early intervention: If you begin to notice any signs of addiction, seek professional help as soon as possible. Early intervention can prevent substance use from escalating.
A substance abuse disorder may develop for any number of reasons, including some not mentioned above. Regardless of the causes of an addiction, it is important to get help as soon as the issue becomes apparent. Our detox centers help people examine the root causes of their specific addiction to get a better understanding of their substance abuse problems as well as how to overcome them.
Whether you struggle with addiction yourself or know a loved one who does, you should ask for help. Call us today at 888-280-4763 to learn more about our program at Banyan and how we may be able to help.
